PRODUKCE ŘEPKY OLEJNÉ V POLSKU

Production of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. napus) in Poland

Prof. Dr. D.OSTROWSKA, Dr. K. KUCIŇSKA

SGGW, agronomická fakulta, Varšava - Polsko

Zpracoval Doc. J. Vašák, ČZU v Praze

Stručný výtah z článku

V současné době je v Polsku registrováno 16 odrůd ozimé řepky, z toho jsou 4 polské. Dále je 5 odrůd jarní řepky, z toho je jedna domácí.

Výměra osevu řepky kolísá (tab. 1) od 430 tis. ha (rok 2001) do 545 tis. ha (1999) v závislosti na počasí, výkupních cenách a na poptávce. Výnosy v jednotlivých vojvodstvích (krajích) velmi kolísají. Například v roce 2000 od 16q (vojv. Lubuské) do 28,2 q/ha (vojv. Opolské). V Polsku je snaha rozšířit pěstování řepky na 600 tis. ha a zvýšit výnosy na 25 q/ha.

Key words: rapeseed - area, yields, crops.

To bring the current model of food consumption in Poland closer to the health promoting standard, requires the increase in consumption of vegetable oils as oppose to animal fat.

In Poland several plant species of oleiferous plants is tilled: oilseed rape (Brassicanapus L), turnip rape (Brassicarapa L), white mustard (Sinapisalba L), brown mustard (Brassicajuncea L), fodder radish (Raphanussativus L. var. oleiformis Pers), linseed (Linumusitatissimum L) and common sunflower (Helianthusannuus L).

However about the scale of oleiferous plants production decides tillage of oilseed rape and turnip rape, because their participation in general sowing area exceeds 95%.

Raw material of rape is used first of all to production of edible oil, to direct use, as well as to production of margarine.

However oil meal or rapeseed cake are valuable high-protein extract used to production of nutritive fodder for cattle, pigs and poultry.

Qualitative requirements concerned contents of glucosinolates in seeds, for the registered double low cultivars of oilseed rape in Poland are high - like to world qualitative standard.

Now Cultivar Register includes 16 cultivars of winter oilseed rape in this 4 national, and 5 cultivars of spring oilseed rape, in this one national.

Scale of production

Sowing area shows considerable fluctuation according to years. For example in 1999 year rape was sowed on the area of 545, 3 thou. ha, and in year 2001 - 430 thou. ha, (tab. 1, fig. 1)

Fluctuation of the rape sowing area are caused mostly by the following reasons:

1) climate reason - production of rape in Northern and Eastern Poland is burdened with a large risk from the regard on freezing

2) fluctuation of seed prices, which have resulted from the rules of free market already from 1989 year.

3) variation of demand for seeds and prices of the state oil seed purchase by plants of fatty industry

Rape characterizes also large variability of yield according to the regions of tillage as well as years. In 2000 year for example, seed yield varied from 16.0 dt ha-1 in Lubuskie Province to 28,2 dt ha-1 in Opolskie Province. This year was favourablefor oilseed rape. The average seed crop was 24,4 dt ha-1 and was 3,6 dt/ha higher than crop achieved in 1999 (20,8 dt ha-1).

The similar fluctuation across the years is noticed for total crop. In 1999 total crop amounted 1131,9 thou. t., in 2000 - 958,1 thou. t. and in 2001- 1075,0 thou. t.

In summary its necessary to stress that the high crop variability in Poland forces to increase the sowing area at least to 600 thou. ha. To bring for tillage hybrids more productive cultivars also stress factors proof will make possible to increase average crop to the level of 25 dt ha-1. This will make Poland independent of importation need of rape seeds.

Table 1. sowing area [thou. ha], crops [dt ha-1] and total yield [thou. t.] of rape in each provinces of Poland

Fig. 3. Total crop of rape in 2000 year [thou. t.]

Literature

Lista opisowa odmian 2000. Wyd. Słupia Wielka 2001.

Klepacki B., 2000: Rynek Roślin Oleistych. Strategiczna opcja dla polskiego sektora agrobiznesu w świetle analiz ekonomicznych. Wyd. SGGW, s. 324-341.

Rosiak E., 2000: Rynek roślin oleistych w Polsce. IHAR, Rośliny oleiste T. XXI, z. 1, s. 225-234.

Rynek Rzepaku, czerwiec 2001. Wyd. IERiGŻ.

Kontaktní adresa

Dr hab. Daniela Ostrowska - Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Warsaw University of Agriculture, e-mail: kucinska@delta.sggw.waw.pl